Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
HbA1c Reduction
Evidence related to lowering or improving HbA1c/A1C in diabetes management.
- Studies
- 249
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
DSMESUsual careSemaglutide
Outcome Evidence
Outcome Evidence
Explore diabetes-related outcomes, how they are measured, and which interventions affect them.
1,221
Outcomes
Distinct outcomes measured across diabetes research
45
Outcome Groups
Backend-defined outcome groups with evidence coverage
711
Research Studies
Active research documents analyzed in the evidence index
3,658
Evidence Relationships
Intervention-outcome relationships with scored evidence
426
Interventions
Distinct interventions represented in the evidence index
Dediabetes organizes diabetes outcomes by interventions studied, evidence strength, research coverage, and validated evidence relationships.
Featured Outcomes
Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
Weight Loss
Evidence related to body weight reduction, BMI improvement, waist circumference, and body composition changes.
- Studies
- 152
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
Time-Restricted Eating (TRE)Lifestyle intervention for prediabetesSemaglutide
Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
Glycemic Control
Evidence related to blood glucose control, fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, glucose variability, and time in range.
- Studies
- 169
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
MetforminContinuous glucose monitoringMulti-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic)
Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
Treatment Adherence
Evidence related to treatment adherence, medication use, physical activity participation, step count, diet intake, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-care behavior adherence.
- Studies
- 64
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-careMobile app for diabetes self-managementLifestyle intervention for prediabetes
Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
Inflammatory and Vascular Markers
Evidence related to inflammatory, oxidative stress, endothelial, and vascular biomarkers measured in diabetes studies.
- Studies
- 59
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
Exercise therapySemaglutideCurcumin supplementation
Limited ResearchLimited Research
Physical Activity Levels
Evidence related to physical activity levels and physical activity changes in diabetes studies.
- Studies
- 18
- Evidence
- Limited Research
Featured interventions
Lifestyle intervention for prediabetesPeer-support lifestyle programCulturally Adapted Lifestyle Intervention for Diabetes Prevention
What's New in Outcome Evidence
January 1, 2026
Aloe Vera Gel Improves Periodontal Health in Diabetic Patients
Relevant to 5 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Artificial pancreas may improve glucose control in type 1 diabetes
Relevant to 2 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Automated insulin-glucagon delivery reduces hypoglycemia risk
Relevant to 6 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
BL21 Probiotic Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Relevant to 6 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Combination Therapy Improves Short-Term Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Relevant to 6 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Community-Based Intervention Improves Diabetes Management in Low-Income Adults
Relevant to 2 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Consumer Sleep Trackers Improve Sleep Behavior Change
Relevant to 3 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Culturally Tailored Program Improves Diabetes Management for Chinese Americans
Relevant to 2 evidence relationships in this category.
Explore Outcomes by Category
Metabolic Health
224Evidence for outcomes in Metabolic Health.
Explore categorySafety
58Evidence for outcomes in Safety.
Explore categoryClinical Outcomes
468Evidence for outcomes in Clinical Outcomes.
Plaque Index (PI)Strong
Cardiometabolic RiskStrong
Weight & Anthropometrics
36Evidence for outcomes in Weight & Anthropometrics.
Explore categoryGlycemic Control
121Evidence for outcomes in Glycemic Control.
Explore categoryPatient Reported
183Evidence for outcomes in Patient Reported.
Explore categoryAdherence & Engagement
96Evidence for outcomes in Adherence & Engagement.
Diabetic NeuropathyModerate
Patient engagementEmerging
Most Validated Intervention-Outcome Relationships
Top-ranked relationships with available EvidenceScore™ and ConsistencyScore™ signals.
Supporting studies: Based on 17 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 17 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 16 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 33 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 16 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 14 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 12 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 10 studies
Explore evidenceEvidence by Outcome and Intervention Groups
| Outcome group | Featured intervention group | EvidenceScore™ | Studies | Relationships | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting Glucose | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 101 | 84 | Browse |
| CGM Time in Range | Insulin Delivery Systems | Strong | 49 | 69 | Browse |
| Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 21 | 21 | Browse |
| HbA1c | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 174 | 87 | Browse |
| Body Mass Index | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 61 | 44 | Browse |
| Quality of Life Outcomes | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 35 | 32 | Browse |
| Body Weight | DPP-4 Inhibitors | Strong | 77 | 50 | Browse |
| Mental Health | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 20 | 28 | Browse |
| Glucose Variability | Insulin Delivery Systems | Strong | 17 | 19 | Browse |
| Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 55 | 99 | Browse |
| Blood Pressure | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 32 | 40 | Browse |
| Kidney Function | SGLT2 Inhibitors | Strong | 24 | 29 | Browse |
Fasting Glucose
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 101
84 relationships
Browse evidenceCGM Time in Range
Insulin Delivery Systems
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 49
69 relationships
Browse evidenceDiabetes Management Self-Efficacy
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 21
21 relationships
Browse evidenceHbA1c
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 174
87 relationships
Browse evidenceBody Mass Index
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 61
44 relationships
Browse evidenceQuality of Life Outcomes
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 35
32 relationships
Browse evidenceBody Weight
DPP-4 Inhibitors
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 77
50 relationships
Browse evidenceMental Health
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 20
28 relationships
Browse evidenceGlucose Variability
Insulin Delivery Systems
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 17
19 relationships
Browse evidenceAdipokine and Angiogenic Markers
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 55
99 relationships
Browse evidenceBlood Pressure
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 32
40 relationships
Browse evidenceKidney Function
SGLT2 Inhibitors
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 24
29 relationships
Browse evidenceAll Outcomes
Browse 1,221 outcomes represented in the evidence graph.
Showing 1-25 of 1,221 outcomes
| Outcome | Category | Group | EvidenceScore™ | Studies | Interventions | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | Glycemic Control | HbA1c | 87/100 | 348 | 236 | |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) | Glycemic Control | Fasting Glucose | 84/100 | 117 | 105 | |
| Body weight | Weight & Anthropometrics | Body Weight | 85/100 | 106 | 79 | |
| BMI | Weight & Anthropometrics | Body Mass Index | 79/100 | 80 | 65 | |
| Systolic blood pressure | Metabolic Health | Blood Pressure | 79/100 | 57 | 52 | |
| Fasting blood sugar (FBS) | Glycemic Control | Fasting Glucose | 79/100 | 53 | 52 | |
| Insulin resistance | Metabolic Health | Insulin Resistance | 79/100 | 54 | 50 | |
| Quality of life | Patient-Reported | Quality of Life Outcomes | 79/100 | 47 | 45 | |
| Time in range | Glycemic Control | CGM Time in Range | 86/100 | 57 | 43 | |
| Blood glucose | Glycemic Control | Fasting Glucose | 79/100 | 42 | 38 | |
| Glucose iAUC (OGTT) | Glycemic Control | Postprandial and OGTT Glucose | 79/100 | 42 | 37 | |
| Waist circumference | Weight & Anthropometrics | Body Composition | 79/100 | 44 | 36 | |
| Sleep quality | Patient-Reported | Quality of Life Outcomes | 79/100 | 29 | 28 | |
| Periodontal probing depth | Clinical Outcomes | 83/100 | 41 | 27 | ||
| Adverse events incidence | Safety | Adverse Events and Safety | 79/100 | 27 | 25 | |
| Fasting insulin levels | Metabolic Health | Insulin Resistance | 79/100 | 25 | 25 | |
| C-reactive protein | Metabolic Health | Inflammatory Markers | 81/100 | 31 | 24 | |
| Clinical attachment level | Clinical Outcomes | 84/100 | 36 | 22 | ||
| Diabetes self-management behaviors | Patient-Reported | Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy | 79/100 | 28 | 22 | |
| Depression score | Patient-Reported | Mental Health | 79/100 | 24 | 21 | |
| Hypoglycemia events | Safety | Hypoglycemia | 79/100 | 20 | 18 | |
| Time above range | Glycemic Control | CGM Time in Range | 79/100 | 21 | 17 | |
| Total daily insulin dose | Metabolic Health | Insulin Resistance | 79/100 | 20 | 17 | |
| Plaque Index (PI) | Clinical Outcomes | 84/100 | 26 | 16 | ||
| Composite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization) | Clinical Outcomes | Cardiovascular Outcomes | 83/100 | 19 | 15 |
HbA1c
Glycemic Control - HbA1c
- EvidenceScore™
- 87/100
- Studies
- 348
236 interventions
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose
- EvidenceScore™
- 84/100
- Studies
- 117
105 interventions
Body weight
Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Weight
- EvidenceScore™
- 85/100
- Studies
- 106
79 interventions
BMI
Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Mass Index
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 80
65 interventions
Systolic blood pressure
Metabolic Health - Blood Pressure
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 57
52 interventions
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 53
52 interventions
Insulin resistance
Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 54
50 interventions
Quality of life
Patient-Reported - Quality of Life Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 47
45 interventions
Time in range
Glycemic Control - CGM Time in Range
- EvidenceScore™
- 86/100
- Studies
- 57
43 interventions
Blood glucose
Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 42
38 interventions
Glucose iAUC (OGTT)
Glycemic Control - Postprandial and OGTT Glucose
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 42
37 interventions
Waist circumference
Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Composition
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 44
36 interventions
Sleep quality
Patient-Reported - Quality of Life Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 29
28 interventions
Periodontal probing depth
Clinical Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 83/100
- Studies
- 41
27 interventions
Adverse events incidence
Safety - Adverse Events and Safety
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 27
25 interventions
Fasting insulin levels
Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 25
25 interventions
C-reactive protein
Metabolic Health - Inflammatory Markers
- EvidenceScore™
- 81/100
- Studies
- 31
24 interventions
Clinical attachment level
Clinical Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 84/100
- Studies
- 36
22 interventions
Diabetes self-management behaviors
Patient-Reported - Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 28
22 interventions
Depression score
Patient-Reported - Mental Health
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 24
21 interventions
Hypoglycemia events
Safety - Hypoglycemia
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 20
18 interventions
Time above range
Glycemic Control - CGM Time in Range
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 21
17 interventions
Total daily insulin dose
Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 20
17 interventions
Plaque Index (PI)
Clinical Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 84/100
- Studies
- 26
16 interventions
Composite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)
Clinical Outcomes - Cardiovascular Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 83/100
- Studies
- 19
15 interventions