Outcome Evidence

Explore diabetes-related outcomes, how they are measured, and which interventions affect them.

Evidence Hub Interventions Outcomes

2,130

Outcomes

Distinct outcomes measured across diabetes research

49

Outcome Groups

Backend-defined outcome groups with evidence coverage

1,338

Research Studies

Active research documents analyzed in the evidence index

7,126

Evidence Relationships

Intervention-outcome relationships with scored evidence

843

Interventions

Distinct interventions represented in the evidence index

Dediabetes organizes diabetes outcomes by interventions studied, evidence strength, research coverage, and validated evidence relationships.

Featured Outcomes

Extensive ResearchExtensive Research

HbA1c Reduction

Evidence related to lowering or improving HbA1c/A1C in diabetes management.

Studies: 385
Evidence: Extensive Research

Featured interventions

SemaglutideLifestyle intervention for prediabetesHybrid closed-loop system

Evidence page Evidence table

Extensive ResearchExtensive Research

Weight Loss

Evidence related to body weight reduction, BMI improvement, waist circumference, and body composition changes.

Studies: 234
Evidence: Extensive Research

Featured interventions

Low-carbohydrate dietSemaglutideCalorie restriction

Evidence page Evidence table

Extensive ResearchExtensive Research

Glycemic Control

Evidence related to blood glucose control, fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, glucose variability, and time in range.

Studies: 278
Evidence: Extensive Research

Featured interventions

Multi-species synbiotic (12 probiotic strains + FOS prebiotic)Lifestyle intervention for prediabetesMetformin

Evidence page Evidence table

Extensive ResearchExtensive Research

Treatment Adherence

Evidence related to treatment adherence, medication use, physical activity participation, step count, diet intake, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-care behavior adherence.

Studies: 106
Evidence: Extensive Research

Featured interventions

Mobile app for diabetes self-managementInstructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-careComplex lifestyle intervention

Evidence page Evidence table

Extensive ResearchExtensive Research

Inflammatory and Vascular Markers

Evidence related to inflammatory, oxidative stress, endothelial, and vascular biomarkers measured in diabetes studies.

Studies: 81
Evidence: Extensive Research

Featured interventions

Vitamin D supplementationSemaglutideExercise therapy

Evidence page Evidence table

Moderate ResearchModerate Research

Physical Activity Levels

Evidence related to physical activity levels and physical activity changes in diabetes studies.

Studies: 42
Evidence: Moderate Research

Featured interventions

Peer-support lifestyle programComplex lifestyle interventionExercise therapy

Evidence page Evidence table

What's New in Outcome Evidence

May 1, 2026

Explore Outcomes by Category

Clinical Outcomes

788

Evidence for outcomes in Clinical Outcomes.

Periodontal probing depthStrong

Diabetes PreventionStrong

Diabetic Kidney DiseaseStrong

Clinical attachment levelStrong

Explore category

Glycemic Control

231

Evidence for outcomes in Glycemic Control.

Dietary PatternsStrong

Fasting Blood GlucoseStrong

Glycemic ControlStrong

Explore category

Patient Reported

300

Evidence for outcomes in Patient Reported.

Diabetic NeuropathyStrong

Quality of LifeStrong

Mental HealthStrong

Diabetes Management Self-EfficacyStrong

Explore category

Metabolic Health

414

Evidence for outcomes in Metabolic Health.

Cardiometabolic RiskStrong

Blood PressureStrong

Dietary PatternsStrong

Cardiometabolic RiskStrong

Explore category

Weight & Anthropometrics

58

Evidence for outcomes in Weight & Anthropometrics.

Dietary PatternsStrong

Body CompositionStrong

Explore category

Adherence & Engagement

191

Evidence for outcomes in Adherence & Engagement.

Diabetic NeuropathyStrong

Participant retention at 6 monthsModerate

Diabetes Self-Management EducationModerate

Adherence to Mediterranean diet measured using MEDAS-14Moderate

Explore category

Safety

72

Evidence for outcomes in Safety.

Adverse Events and SafetyStrong

HypoglycemiaStrong

Adverse Events and SafetyStrong

Explore category

Most Validated Intervention-Outcome Relationships

Top-ranked relationships with available EvidenceScore™ and ConsistencyScore™ signals.

Intervention	Outcome	Studies	Action
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Fasting Glucose	22	Explore
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Body Mass Index	15	Explore
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Blood Pressure	11	Explore
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy	20	Explore
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers	11	Explore
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	HbA1c	44	Explore
Insulin Delivery Systems	HbA1c	21	Explore
Insulin Delivery Systems	CGM Time in Range	38	Explore

Evidence by Outcome and Intervention Groups

Outcome group	Featured intervention group	EvidenceScore™	Studies	Relationships	Action
Fasting Glucose	Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Strong	160	107	Browse
Body Mass Index	Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Strong	87	55	Browse
Blood Pressure	Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Strong	58	54	Browse
Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy	Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Strong	26	24	Browse
Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers	Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Strong	85	137	Browse
HbA1c	Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Strong	278	101	Browse
CGM Time in Range	Insulin Delivery Systems	Strong	78	79	Browse
Body Weight	Low-Carbohydrate Diet Education	Strong	125	65	Browse
Physical Activity Levels	Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Strong	16	11	Browse
Quality of Life Outcomes	Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Strong	46	38	Browse
Body Composition	Low-Carbohydrate Diet Education	Strong	61	57	Browse
Mental Health	Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs	Strong	25	33	Browse

Fasting Glucose

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 160

107 relationships

Browse evidence

Body Mass Index

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 87

55 relationships

Browse evidence

Blood Pressure

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 58

54 relationships

Browse evidence

Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 26

24 relationships

Browse evidence

Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 85

137 relationships

Browse evidence

HbA1c

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 278

101 relationships

Browse evidence

CGM Time in Range

Insulin Delivery Systems

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 78

79 relationships

Browse evidence

Body Weight

Low-Carbohydrate Diet Education

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 125

65 relationships

Browse evidence

Physical Activity Levels

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 16

11 relationships

Browse evidence

Quality of Life Outcomes

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 46

38 relationships

Browse evidence

Body Composition

Low-Carbohydrate Diet Education

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 61

57 relationships

Browse evidence

Mental Health

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs

EvidenceScore™: Strong
Studies: 25

33 relationships

Browse evidence

All Outcomes

Browse 2,130 outcomes represented in the evidence graph.

CategoryGroupEvidence SortRows

Showing 1-25 of 2,130 outcomes

Outcome	Category	Group	EvidenceScore™	Studies	Interventions	Action
HbA1c	Glycemic Control	HbA1c	88/100	580	375	Page Table
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)	Glycemic Control	Fasting Glucose	87/100	222	174	Page Table
Body weight	Weight & Anthropometrics	Body Weight	86/100	203	147	Page Table
BMI	Weight & Anthropometrics	Body Mass Index	87/100	146	117	Page Table
Triglycerides	Metabolic Health	Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers	79/100	111	110	Page Table
Systolic blood pressure	Metabolic Health	Blood Pressure	83/100	121	98	Page Table
Insulin resistance	Metabolic Health	Insulin Resistance	84/100	109	92	Page Table
Blood glucose	Glycemic Control	Fasting Glucose	79/100	87	86	Page Table
Glucose iAUC (OGTT)	Glycemic Control	Postprandial and OGTT Glucose	83/100	77	79	Page Table
Time in range	Glycemic Control	CGM Time in Range	88/100	101	76	Page Table
LDL cholesterol	Metabolic Health	Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers	79/100	81	76	Page Table
Diastolic blood pressure	Metabolic Health	Blood Pressure	83/100	77	74	Page Table
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)	Glycemic Control	Fasting Glucose	79/100	70	71	Page Table
Total cholesterol	Metabolic Health	Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers	79/100	73	70	Page Table
Quality of life	Patient-Reported	Quality of Life Outcomes	79/100	75	69	Page Table
Waist circumference	Weight & Anthropometrics	Body Composition	86/100	84	67	Page Table
C-reactive protein	Metabolic Health	Inflammatory Markers	81/100	51	42	Page Table
Fasting insulin levels	Metabolic Health	Insulin Resistance	84/100	46	42	Page Table
Insulin sensitivity	Metabolic Health	Insulin Resistance	79/100	35	35	Page Table
Sleep quality	Patient-Reported	Quality of Life Outcomes	79/100	35	34	Page Table
Body fat mass	Weight & Anthropometrics	Body Composition	79/100	33	34	Page Table
Physical activity level (MET-minutes per week)	Adherence & Engagement	Physical Activity Levels	79/100	40	33	Page Table
Depression score	Patient-Reported	Mental Health	79/100	32	30	Page Table
Weight change	Weight & Anthropometrics	Body Weight	79/100	32	30	Page Table
Adverse events incidence	Safety	Adverse Events and Safety	79/100	32	29	Page Table

HbA1c

Glycemic Control - HbA1c

EvidenceScore™: 88/100
Studies: 580

375 interventions

Page Table

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose

EvidenceScore™: 87/100
Studies: 222

174 interventions

Page Table

Body weight

Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Weight

EvidenceScore™: 86/100
Studies: 203

147 interventions

Page Table

BMI

Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Mass Index

EvidenceScore™: 87/100
Studies: 146

117 interventions

Page Table

Triglycerides

Metabolic Health - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 111

110 interventions

Page Table

Systolic blood pressure

Metabolic Health - Blood Pressure

EvidenceScore™: 83/100
Studies: 121

98 interventions

Page Table

Insulin resistance

Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance

EvidenceScore™: 84/100
Studies: 109

92 interventions

Page Table

Blood glucose

Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 87

86 interventions

Page Table

Glucose iAUC (OGTT)

Glycemic Control - Postprandial and OGTT Glucose

EvidenceScore™: 83/100
Studies: 77

79 interventions

Page Table

Time in range

Glycemic Control - CGM Time in Range

EvidenceScore™: 88/100
Studies: 101

76 interventions

Page Table

LDL cholesterol

Metabolic Health - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 81

76 interventions

Page Table

Diastolic blood pressure

Metabolic Health - Blood Pressure

EvidenceScore™: 83/100
Studies: 77

74 interventions

Page Table

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 70

71 interventions

Page Table

Total cholesterol

Metabolic Health - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 73

70 interventions

Page Table

Quality of life

Patient-Reported - Quality of Life Outcomes

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 75

69 interventions

Page Table

Waist circumference

Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Composition

EvidenceScore™: 86/100
Studies: 84

67 interventions

Page Table

C-reactive protein

Metabolic Health - Inflammatory Markers

EvidenceScore™: 81/100
Studies: 51

42 interventions

Page Table

Fasting insulin levels

Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance

EvidenceScore™: 84/100
Studies: 46

42 interventions

Page Table

Insulin sensitivity

Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 35

35 interventions

Page Table

Sleep quality

Patient-Reported - Quality of Life Outcomes

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 35

34 interventions

Page Table

Body fat mass

Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Composition

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 33

34 interventions

Page Table

Physical activity level (MET-minutes per week)

Adherence & Engagement - Physical Activity Levels

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 40

33 interventions

Page Table

Depression score

Patient-Reported - Mental Health

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 32

30 interventions

Page Table

Weight change

Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Weight

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 32

30 interventions

Page Table

Adverse events incidence

Safety - Adverse Events and Safety

EvidenceScore™: 79/100
Studies: 32

29 interventions

Page Table

Outcome Evidence

Featured Outcomes

HbA1c Reduction

Weight Loss

Glycemic Control

Treatment Adherence

Inflammatory and Vascular Markers

Physical Activity Levels

What's New in Outcome Evidence

Psychoeducational Program Improves T1D Literacy in Schools

Semaglutide reduces insulin doses in type 1 diabetes

Online education improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes management

Exercise training improves cognitive function and balance in type 2 diabetes

Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet Shows Comparable Weight Loss to VLCKD

Nimba Amalakyadi Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

Corticosteroids may help manage cytokine release syndrome during teplizumab therapy

Canagliflozin improves myocardial fibrosis in type 2 diabetes

Explore Outcomes by Category

Clinical Outcomes

Glycemic Control

Patient Reported

Metabolic Health

Weight & Anthropometrics

Adherence & Engagement

Safety

Most Validated Intervention-Outcome Relationships

Evidence by Outcome and Intervention Groups

Fasting Glucose

Body Mass Index

Blood Pressure

Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy

Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers

HbA1c

CGM Time in Range

Body Weight

Physical Activity Levels

Quality of Life Outcomes

Body Composition

Mental Health

All Outcomes

HbA1c

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Body weight

BMI

Triglycerides

Systolic blood pressure

Insulin resistance

Blood glucose

Glucose iAUC (OGTT)

Time in range

LDL cholesterol

Diastolic blood pressure

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

Total cholesterol

Quality of life

Waist circumference

C-reactive protein

Fasting insulin levels

Insulin sensitivity

Sleep quality

Body fat mass

Physical activity level (MET-minutes per week)

Depression score

Weight change

Adverse events incidence