Safety

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence relationships

Studies reviewed

Interventions evaluated

Strongest evidence area

Dapagliflozin

Top Evidence Areas

Rank	Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
#1	Dapagliflozin	Renal and urinary disorders incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#2	Empagliflozin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#3	Finerenone	Hyperkalemia	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
#4	Glibenclamide	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
#5	Glibenclamide	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#6	Gliclazide SR	Hypoglycemia events			Mixed	1
#7	Glimepiride	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#8	Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#9	Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#10	Hybrid closed Loop system	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1

Rank #1

Renal and urinary disorders incidence

Dapagliflozin

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #2

Hypoglycemia events

Empagliflozin

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #3

Hyperkalemia

Finerenone

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #4

Hypoglycemia events

Glibenclamide

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #5

Serious adverse events incidence

Glibenclamide

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #6

Hypoglycemia events

Gliclazide SR

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Rank #7

Hypoglycemia events

Glimepiride

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #8

Adverse events incidence

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #9

Hypoglycemia events

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #10

Hypoglycemia events

Hybrid closed Loop system

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Practical Questions

Which interventions are most often studied for Safety?

outcome

Based on 6 evidence relationships across 7 studies

Outcomes:

Hypoglycemia eventsSerious adverse events incidenceAdverse events incidence

Interventions:

GlibenclamideGlimepiride + voglibose + metforminMetformin + glimepiride

Which interventions need more research for Safety?

evidence

Based on 3 evidence relationships across 4 studies

Outcomes:

Renal and urinary disorders incidenceHypoglycemia events

Interventions:

DapagliflozinEmpagliflozinMetformin + glimepiride

How does Dapagliflozin compare with Xiaoke for Safety?

compare

Very Low Evidence

Within Safety, Dapagliflozin has slightly stronger table evidence than Xiaoke, but the difference is small. Interpret cautiously when study counts are low.

Dapagliflozin

Evidence:53.0

Effectiveness:80.0

Studies:1

Pairs:1

moderate

Xiaoke

Evidence:47.5

Effectiveness:80.0

Studies:1

Pairs:1

limited

Limitations

Only 1 supporting study per compared itemConsistency scores not available for all compared itemsSome compared items based on single evidence pair

Comparison based on only 1 supporting study per item.

What interventions show the most consistent effects for Safety?

practical use

Based on 25 evidence relationships across 26 studies

Outcomes:

Renal and urinary disorders incidenceHypoglycemia eventsHyperkalemiaSerious adverse events incidenceAdverse events incidence+3 more

Interventions:

DapagliflozinEmpagliflozinFinerenoneGlibenclamideGliclazide SR+13 more

Evidence Landscape

Evidence landscape

Each bubble represents an evidence relationship. Position shows effectiveness and strength; size reflects study volume.

Limited evidence

Promising

Reliable

High impact

Lower Evidence Strength→Higher Evidence Strength

Lower Effectiveness→Higher Effectiveness

Explore by Intervention

Intervention	Pairs	Research	Avg Strength
Metformin + glimepiride	2	2	37
Dapagliflozin	1	1	53
Empagliflozin	1	1	29
Finerenone	1	1	31
Glibenclamide	2	1	32
Gliclazide SR	1	1	-
Glimepiride	1	1	34
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	2	1	35
Hybrid closed Loop system	1	1	37
Insulin degludec	1	1	44
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	1	1	45
Metformin	1	1	34
Needle Free injection	2	1	38
Semaglutide	2	1	34
Systemic steroid therapy	1	1	39
Teplizumab	1	1	18
Voglibose + metformin	2	1	35
Xiaoke	2	1	42

Latest Research

Finerenone reduces cardiovascular and kidney disease risk in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-finerenone

out-hyperkalemia

Dapagliflozin plus gliclazide combination improves blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-gliclazide-sr

out-hypoglycemia-events

Newer diabetes drugs show stronger weight and blood sugar benefits in prediabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-dapagliflozin

out-renal-urinary-disorders-incidence

Hybrid closed-loop artificial pancreas system improves blood sugar control better than insulin injections in hospitalized type 1 diabetes

Published: May 15, 2026

int-hybrid-closed-loop-system

out-hypoglycemia-events

Early insulin degludec with IV insulin infusion speeds DKA resolution by 3.25 hours without increasing hypoglycaemia risk

Published: May 13, 2026

int-insulin-degludec

out-hypoglycemia-events

Needle-free insulin injection improves blood sugar control and reduces pain in hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients

Published: May 7, 2026

int-needle-free-injection

out-hypoglycemia-eventsout-injection-site-adverse-events

Triple combination therapy lowered HbA1c more than dual therapy in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 6, 2026

int-glimepiride-voglibose-metformin-therapyint-metformin-plus-glimepiride-combination

out-adverse-events-incidenceout-hypoglycemia-events

Xiaoke Pill lowered hypoglycemia risk with similar HbA1c control

Published: May 6, 2026

int-glibenclamideint-xiaoke-pill

out-hypoglycemia-eventsout-serious-adverse-events-incidence

Metformin and glimepiride with basal insulin lowered HbA1c the most

Published: May 6, 2026

int-glimepirideint-metformin

out-hypoglycemia-events

Short steroid treatment may help manage teplizumab CRS without stopping therapy

Published: May 6, 2026

int-systemic-steroid-therapyint-teplizumab

out-adverse-events-incidence

Full Evidence Table

Showing 25 of 25 evidence pairs

Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
Dapagliflozin	Renal and urinary disorders incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Finerenone	Hyperkalemia	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Gliclazide SR	Hypoglycemia events			Mixed	1
Glimepiride	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Hybrid closed Loop system	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin degludec	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Metformin + glimepiride	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Metformin + glimepiride	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Consistent	2
Needle Free injection	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Injection Site adverse events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Diabetic ketoacidosis	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Severe hypoglycemia	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Systemic steroid therapy	Adverse events incidence	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Teplizumab	Adverse events incidence	Moderate Negative	Insufficient	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1

Intervention → Outcome

Dapagliflozin → Renal and urinary disorders incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Finerenone → Hyperkalemia

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → Serious adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Gliclazide SR → Hypoglycemia events

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin degludec → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Injection Site adverse events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Diabetic ketoacidosis

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Severe hypoglycemia

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Systemic steroid therapy → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Teplizumab → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Insufficient

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Serious adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies