Glycemic Control

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence relationships

103

Studies reviewed

Interventions evaluated

Strongest evidence area

Metformin

Top Evidence Areas

Rank	Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
#1	Aerobic exercise	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#2	Aerobic exercise	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#3	Allium hookeri extract	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#4	Allium hookeri extract	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#5	Basal insulin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#6	Boscisucrophage	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#7	Boscisucrophage	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#8	Boscisucrophage	Urine glucose excretion	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#9	Continuous glucose monitoring	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#10	Continuous glucose monitoring	Glucose variability	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1

Rank #1

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Aerobic exercise

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #2

HbA1c

Aerobic exercise

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #3

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Allium hookeri extract

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #4

HbA1c

Allium hookeri extract

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #5

HbA1c

Basal insulin

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #6

Blood glucose

Boscisucrophage

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #7

HbA1c

Boscisucrophage

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #8

Urine glucose excretion

Boscisucrophage

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #9

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Continuous glucose monitoring

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #10

Glucose variability

Continuous glucose monitoring

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Practical Questions

Which interventions are most often studied for Glycemic Control?

outcome

Based on 19 evidence relationships across 27 studies

Outcomes:

Fasting Plasma GlucoseGlucose variabilityHbA1cTime above rangeTime below range+6 more

Interventions:

Continuous glucose monitoringHybrid closed Loop systemNeedle Free injection

Where are results mixed or inconsistent for Glycemic Control?

evidence

Based on 5 evidence relationships across 9 studies

Outcomes:

Time above rangeTime below rangeTime in rangeBlood glucoseHbA1c

Interventions:

Continuous glucose monitoringModerate continuous exercise (CON)Remote Educational Program

Which interventions need more research for Glycemic Control?

evidence

Based on 3 evidence relationships across 6 studies

Outcomes:

Time above rangeTime below rangeTime in range

Interventions:

Continuous glucose monitoring

How does Metformin compare with Metformin for Glycemic Control?

compare

Very Low Evidence

Within Glycemic Control, insufficient data to compare. Interpret cautiously when study counts are low.

Metformin

Evidence:53.0

Effectiveness:80.0

Studies:4

Pairs:2

moderate

No clear winner based on current evidence

Limitations

Insufficient compared items for meaningful comparison

Insufficient compared items to assess confidence.

Evidence Landscape

Evidence landscape

Each bubble represents an evidence relationship. Position shows effectiveness and strength; size reflects study volume.

Limited evidence

Promising

Reliable

High impact

Lower Evidence Strength→Higher Evidence Strength

Lower Effectiveness→Higher Effectiveness

Explore by Intervention

Intervention	Pairs	Research	Avg Strength
Continuous glucose monitoring	6	2	42
Hybrid closed Loop system	6	2	41
Insulin degludec	2	2	41
Metformin	2	2	53
Metformin + glimepiride	4	2	47
Remote Educational Program	2	2	38
Semaglutide	5	2	46
Aerobic exercise	2	1	44
Allium hookeri extract	2	1	38
Basal insulin	1	1	47
Boscisucrophage	3	1	41
Dapagliflozin	1	1	53
Digital storytelling intervention for diabetes self Management	1	1	46
Empagliflozin	5	1	39
Glibenclamide	2	1	47
Gliclazide SR	3	1	-
Glimepiride	2	1	45
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	3	1	46
GLP 1 receptor agonists	1	1	47
High Intensity interval training (HIIT)	1	1	44
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	6	1	39
Liraglutide	1	1	53
Low Carbohydrate diet	2	1	45
Moderate continuous exercise (CON)	1	1	33
Needle Free injection	7	1	42
Pioglitazone	1	1	53
Probiotics	2	1	44
Rama App	2	1	35
Resistance training	2	1	44
SMS text messaging behavioral intervention	1	1	48
Telemonitoring	1	1	46
Teplizumab	2	1	39
Tirzepatide	1	1	53
Voglibose + metformin	3	1	46
Xiaoke	2	1	47

Latest Research

Digital storytelling may improve blood sugar in Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-digital-storytelling-diabetes

out-hba1c

AI virtual trials match real trial results for GLP-1 vs insulin in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-basal-insulinint-glp-1-receptor-agonists

out-hba1c

Mobile health tools may improve blood sugar control in African diabetes patients

Published: May 16, 2026

int-sms-text-messaging-behavioral-intervention

out-hba1c

High-intensity interval exercise causes less blood sugar drop than moderate exercise in type 1 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-high-intensity-interval-training-hiitint-insulin-degludec

out-blood-glucose

Dapagliflozin plus gliclazide combination improves blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-gliclazide-sr

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

Newer diabetes drugs show stronger weight and blood sugar benefits in prediabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-dapagliflozinint-liraglutide

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

Allium hookeri extract reduces HbA1c levels in prediabetic adults

Published: May 16, 2026

int-allium-hookeri-extract

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

Hybrid closed-loop insulin system safely controls blood sugar in a 29-day-old infant with neonatal diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-hybrid-closed-loop-system

out-blood-glucoseout-glucose-variability

Hybrid closed-loop artificial pancreas system improves blood sugar control better than insulin injections in hospitalized type 1 diabetes

Published: May 15, 2026

int-hybrid-closed-loop-system

out-blood-glucoseout-glucose-variability

Hybrid diabetes education with CGM modestly improved HbA1c and well-being in adults

Published: May 15, 2026

int-continuous-glucose-monitoringint-remote-educational-program

out-glucose-variabilityout-hba1c

Full Evidence Table

Showing 88 of 88 evidence pairs

Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
Aerobic exercise	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Aerobic exercise	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Basal insulin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	Urine glucose excretion	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Continuous glucose monitoring	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Continuous glucose monitoring	Glucose variability	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Continuous glucose monitoring	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Continuous glucose monitoring	Time above range	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
Continuous glucose monitoring	Time below range	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
Continuous glucose monitoring	Time in range	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
Dapagliflozin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Digital storytelling intervention for diabetes self Management	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Glucose variability	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Time in range	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Gliclazide SR	Fasting Plasma Glucose			Consistent	1
Gliclazide SR	HbA1c			Consistent	1
Gliclazide SR	Postprandial glucose			Consistent	1
Glimepiride	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glimepiride	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Postprandial glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
GLP 1 receptor agonists	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
High Intensity interval training (HIIT)	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Hybrid closed Loop system	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Hybrid closed Loop system	Glucose variability	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Hybrid closed Loop system	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Hybrid closed Loop system	Time above range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Hybrid closed Loop system	Time below range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Hybrid closed Loop system	Time in range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Insulin degludec	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Insulin degludec	HbA1c	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Glycemia risk index	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	HbA1c	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Postprandial glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Time in level 2 hyperglycemia	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Liraglutide	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Low Carbohydrate diet	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Low Carbohydrate diet	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Metformin	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Metformin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Metformin + glimepiride	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Metformin + glimepiride	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Metformin + glimepiride	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Metformin + glimepiride	Postprandial glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Moderate continuous exercise (CON)	Blood glucose	Neutral	Weak	Mixed	1
Needle Free injection	Daily insulin dose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Glucose variability	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Postprandial glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Serum 1,5 Anhydroglucitol	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Time in range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Time to target glucose control	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Pioglitazone	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Rama App	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Rama App	HbA1c	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Remote Educational Program	HbA1c	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
Remote Educational Program	Time in range	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Resistance training	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Resistance training	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Basal insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Bolus insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Semaglutide	Time in range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
SMS text messaging behavioral intervention	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Telemonitoring	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Teplizumab	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Teplizumab	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Tirzepatide	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Postprandial glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1

Intervention → Outcome

Aerobic exercise → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Aerobic exercise → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Basal insulin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → Urine glucose excretion

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Time above range

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Time below range

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Time in range

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Dapagliflozin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Digital storytelling intervention for diabetes self Management → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Time in range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Gliclazide SR → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Gliclazide SR → HbA1c

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Gliclazide SR → Postprandial glucose

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

GLP 1 receptor agonists → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

High Intensity interval training (HIIT) → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Time above range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Time below range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Time in range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin degludec → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin degludec → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Glycemia risk index

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Time in level 2 hyperglycemia

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Liraglutide → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Low Carbohydrate diet → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Low Carbohydrate diet → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Moderate continuous exercise (CON) → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Serum 1,5 Anhydroglucitol

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Time in range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Time to target glucose control

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Pioglitazone → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Rama App → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Rama App → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Remote Educational Program → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Remote Educational Program → Time in range

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Resistance training → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Resistance training → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Basal insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Bolus insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Time in range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

SMS text messaging behavioral intervention → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Telemonitoring → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Teplizumab → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Teplizumab → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Tirzepatide → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies