Supplements

Vitamins, botanicals, probiotics, extracts, and dietary supplements. Use examples: Vitamin D, berberine, probiotics, herbal extracts

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence relationships

Studies reviewed

Outcomes evaluated

Strongest evidence area

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Top Interventions

Rank	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
#1	Gut microbiota diversity	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	1
#2	Fasting insulin levels	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#3	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#4	Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#5	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#6	HDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#7	LDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#8	Total cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#9	Triglycerides	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#10	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1

Rank #1

Gut microbiota diversity

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Rank #2

Fasting insulin levels

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #3

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #4

Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #5

HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #6

HDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #7

LDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #8

Total cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #9

Triglycerides

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #10

Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Practical Questions

What outcomes does Supplements appear to affect most often?

outcome

Based on 9 evidence relationships across 9 studies

Outcomes:

Gut microbiota diversityFasting Plasma GlucoseHbA1c

Interventions:

Akkermansia muciniphilaAllium hookeri extractBoscisucrophageProbioticsXiaoke

Which outcomes need more research for Supplements?

evidence

Based on 3 evidence relationships across 3 studies

Outcomes:

Gut microbiota diversityFasting insulin levelsFasting Plasma Glucose

Interventions:

Akkermansia muciniphilaAllium hookeri extract

How does Fasting Plasma Glucose compare with HbA1c for Supplements?

compare

Very Low Evidence

Within Supplements, the table evidence for Fasting Plasma Glucose and HbA1c is similar or too limited to clearly favor one. Interpret cautiously when study counts are low.

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Evidence:47.5

Effectiveness:80.0

Studies:1

Pairs:1

limited

HbA1c

Evidence:47.5

Effectiveness:80.0

Studies:1

Pairs:1

limited

No clear winner based on current evidence

Limitations

Only 1 supporting study per compared itemConsistency scores not available for all compared itemsSome compared items based on single evidence pair

Comparison based on only 1 supporting study per item.

Evidence Landscape

Evidence landscape

Each bubble represents an evidence relationship. Position shows effectiveness and strength; size reflects study volume.

Limited evidence

Promising

Reliable

High impact

Lower Evidence Strength→Higher Evidence Strength

Lower Effectiveness→Higher Effectiveness

Explore by Outcome

Outcome	Pairs	Research	Avg Strength
HbA1c	4	4	44
Fasting Plasma Glucose	3	3	41
Gut microbiota diversity	2	2	44
Triglycerides	2	2	38
Blood glucose	1	1	41
Body weight	1	1	41
Fasting insulin levels	1	1	33
Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)	1	1	33
HDL cholesterol	1	1	33
Hypoglycemia events	1	1	47
Insulin resistance	1	1	44
LDL cholesterol	1	1	33
Left atrial contractile strain (echocardiography)	1	1	46
Left atrial reservoir strain (echocardiography)	1	1	46
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)	1	1	35
Serious adverse events incidence	1	1	37
Total cholesterol	1	1	33
Urine glucose excretion	1	1	41

Latest Research

Probiotics and personalized diets may help lower blood sugar in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-akkermansia-muciniphila-supplementation

out-gut-microbiota-diversity

Allium hookeri extract reduces HbA1c levels in prediabetic adults

Published: May 16, 2026

int-allium-hookeri-extract

out-fasting-insulin-levelsout-fasting-plasma-glucose

Ursodeoxycholic acid may improve left atrial function in women with gestational diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-ursodeoxycholic-acid

out-left-atrial-contractile-strain-echocardiographyout-left-atrial-reservoir-strain-echocardiography

Xiaoke Pill lowered hypoglycemia risk with similar HbA1c control

Published: May 6, 2026

int-xiaoke-pill

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

Bifidobacterium longum BL21 probiotic may improve HbA1c when added to metformin in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 4, 2026

int-probiotics

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-gut-microbiota-diversity

Boscia senegalensis extract (BSP), a natural SGLT1/2 inhibitor, may lower blood sugar and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 4, 2026

int-boscisucrophage

out-blood-glucoseout-body-weight

Full Evidence Table

Showing 25 of 25 evidence pairs

Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
Akkermansia muciniphila	Gut microbiota diversity	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	1
Allium hookeri extract	Fasting insulin levels	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	HDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	LDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	Total cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Allium hookeri extract	Triglycerides	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Boscisucrophage	Urine glucose excretion	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Gut microbiota diversity	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Insulin resistance	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Probiotics	Triglycerides	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)	Left atrial contractile strain (echocardiography)	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)	Left atrial reservoir strain (echocardiography)	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)	Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Xiaoke	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1

Intervention → Outcome

Akkermansia muciniphila → Gut microbiota diversity

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Fasting insulin levels

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Glucose incremental area under curve (iAUC)

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → HDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → LDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Total cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Allium hookeri extract → Triglycerides

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Boscisucrophage → Urine glucose excretion

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Gut microbiota diversity

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Insulin resistance

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Probiotics → Triglycerides

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) → Left atrial contractile strain (echocardiography)

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) → Left atrial reservoir strain (echocardiography)

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) → Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Xiaoke → Serious adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies