Medications

Glucose-lowering drugs and other pharmacologic treatments. Use examples: Metformin, insulin analogs, GLP-1 RAs, DPP-4 inhibitors

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence relationships

104

Studies reviewed

Outcomes evaluated

Strongest evidence area

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Top Interventions

Rank	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
#1	Body weight	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
#2	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#3	Systolic blood pressure	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#4	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#5	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#6	Renal and urinary disorders incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#7	Diabetic retinopathy incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Mixed	1
#8	All Cause mortality	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#9	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
#10	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1

Rank #1

Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #2

HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #3

Systolic blood pressure

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #4

Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #5

HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #6

Renal and urinary disorders incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #7

Diabetic retinopathy incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Rank #8

All Cause mortality

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #9

Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #10

Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Practical Questions

What outcomes does Medications appear to affect most often?

outcome

Based on 36 evidence relationships across 42 studies

Outcomes:

HbA1cHypoglycemia eventsFasting Plasma Glucose

Interventions:

Basal insulinDapagliflozinEmpagliflozinGlibenclamideGliclazide SR+13 more

Where are results mixed or inconsistent for Medications?

evidence

Based on 2 evidence relationships across 2 studies

Outcomes:

Diabetic retinopathy incidenceHypoglycemia events

Interventions:

DPP 4 inhibitorsGliclazide SR

Which outcomes need more research for Medications?

evidence

Based on 3 evidence relationships across 6 studies

Outcomes:

Blood glucoseFasting Plasma GlucoseHbA1c

Interventions:

Insulin degludecMetformin

How does Fasting Plasma Glucose compare with HbA1c for Medications?

compare

Low Evidence

Within Medications, the table evidence for Fasting Plasma Glucose and HbA1c is similar or too limited to clearly favor one. Interpret cautiously when study counts are low.

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Evidence:53.0

Effectiveness:80.0

Studies:2

Pairs:1

moderate

HbA1c

Evidence:53.0

Effectiveness:80.0

Studies:2

Pairs:1

moderate

No clear winner based on current evidence

Limitations

Limited supporting studies overallSome compared items based on single evidence pair

Comparison based on limited supporting studies.

What should I know about the practical use of Medications?

practical use

Based on 96 evidence relationships across 104 studies

Outcomes:

Body weightHbA1cSystolic blood pressureRenal and urinary disorders incidenceDiabetic retinopathy incidence+32 more

Interventions:

Basal insulinDapagliflozinDPP 4 inhibitorsEmpagliflozinErythropoietin (EPO)+17 more

Evidence Landscape

Evidence landscape

Each bubble represents an evidence relationship. Position shows effectiveness and strength; size reflects study volume.

Limited evidence

Promising

Reliable

High impact

Lower Evidence Strength→Higher Evidence Strength

Lower Effectiveness→Higher Effectiveness

Explore by Outcome

Outcome	Pairs	Research	Avg Strength
HbA1c	16	11	46
Hypoglycemia events	10	7	36
Fasting Plasma Glucose	10	6	47
Daily insulin dose	5	5	42
Body weight	8	4	45
Blood glucose	2	3	44
Postprandial glucose	5	3	43
Adverse events incidence	5	2	33
All Cause mortality	2	2	47
BMI	3	2	50
Time in range	2	2	42
Adipose tissue elastin content	1	1	44
Adipose tissue macrophage count	1	1	44
Adipose tissue mast cell count	1	1	44
Albuminuria	1	1	52
Basal insulin dose	1	1	45
Beta Cell function	2	1	34
Bolus insulin dose	1	1	45
Capillary density	1	1	44
Cardiovascular events	1	1	52
Composite kidney outcomes	1	1	52
Diabetic ketoacidosis	1	1	34
Diabetic retinopathy incidence	1	1	48
Glucose variability	1	1	39
Glycemia risk index	1	1	45
Hospitalization rate	1	1	52
Hyperkalemia	1	1	31
Insulin sensitivity	1	1	44
Renal and urinary disorders incidence	1	1	53
RT2 reaction time (1 Back task)	1	1	44
Serious adverse events incidence	1	1	37
Severe hypoglycemia	1	1	34
Systolic blood pressure	2	1	47
Time in level 2 hyperglycemia	1	1	45
Total cholesterol	1	1	53
Treatment satisfaction	1	1	45
Triglycerides	1	1	53

Latest Research

Erythropoietin may improve some cognitive tasks during low blood sugar in type 1 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-erythropoietin

out-rt2-reaction-time-1-back-task

AI virtual trials match real trial results for GLP-1 vs insulin in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-basal-insulinint-glp-1-receptor-agonists

out-body-weightout-hba1c

High-intensity interval exercise causes less blood sugar drop than moderate exercise in type 1 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-insulin-degludec

out-blood-glucose

Finerenone reduces cardiovascular and kidney disease risk in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-finerenone

out-albuminuriaout-cardiovascular-events

Dapagliflozin plus gliclazide combination improves blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-gliclazide-sr

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

DPP-4 inhibitors show no clear effect on diabetic eye disease risk

Published: May 16, 2026

int-dipeptidyl-peptidase-4-inhibitors

out-diabetic-retinopathy-incidence

Newer diabetes drugs show stronger weight and blood sugar benefits in prediabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-dapagliflozinint-liraglutide

out-bmiout-body-weight

Early insulin degludec with IV insulin infusion speeds DKA resolution by 3.25 hours without increasing hypoglycaemia risk

Published: May 13, 2026

int-insulin-degludec

out-all-cause-mortalityout-blood-glucose

Triple combination therapy lowered HbA1c more than dual therapy in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 6, 2026

int-glimepiride-voglibose-metformin-therapyint-metformin-plus-glimepiride-combination

out-adverse-events-incidenceout-fasting-plasma-glucose

Xiaoke Pill lowered hypoglycemia risk with similar HbA1c control

Published: May 6, 2026

int-glibenclamide

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

Full Evidence Table

Showing 96 of 96 evidence pairs

Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
Basal insulin	Body weight	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
Basal insulin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Basal insulin	Systolic blood pressure	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Dapagliflozin	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Dapagliflozin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Dapagliflozin	Renal and urinary disorders incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
DPP 4 inhibitors	Diabetic retinopathy incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Mixed	1
Empagliflozin	All Cause mortality	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Glucose variability	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Empagliflozin	Time in range	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Erythropoietin (EPO)	RT2 reaction time (1 Back task)	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	1
Finerenone	Albuminuria	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Finerenone	Cardiovascular events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Finerenone	Composite kidney outcomes	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Finerenone	Hospitalization rate	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Finerenone	Hyperkalemia	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
Glibenclamide	Serious adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Gliclazide SR	Fasting Plasma Glucose			Consistent	1
Gliclazide SR	HbA1c			Consistent	1
Gliclazide SR	Hypoglycemia events			Mixed	1
Gliclazide SR	Postprandial glucose			Consistent	1
Glimepiride	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glimepiride	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glimepiride	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin	Postprandial glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
GLP 1 receptor agonists	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
GLP 1 receptor agonists	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
GLP 1 receptor agonists	Systolic blood pressure	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin degludec	All Cause mortality	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin degludec	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Insulin degludec	HbA1c	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin degludec	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	BMI	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Glycemia risk index	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	HbA1c	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Postprandial glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Time in level 2 hyperglycemia	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis	Treatment satisfaction	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Liraglutide	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Liraglutide	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Metformin	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Metformin	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Metformin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Metformin + glimepiride	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Metformin + glimepiride	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Metformin + glimepiride	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Metformin + glimepiride	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Metformin + glimepiride	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Consistent	2
Metformin + glimepiride	Postprandial glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Pioglitazone	Adipose tissue elastin content	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Pioglitazone	Adipose tissue macrophage count	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Pioglitazone	Adipose tissue mast cell count	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Pioglitazone	Body weight	Moderate Negative	Weak	Unclear	1
Pioglitazone	Capillary density	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Pioglitazone	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Pioglitazone	Insulin sensitivity	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Pioglitazone	Triglycerides	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Basal insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	BMI	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Semaglutide	Bolus insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Diabetic ketoacidosis	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Semaglutide	Severe hypoglycemia	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Semaglutide	Time in range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Systemic steroid therapy	Adverse events incidence	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Systemic steroid therapy	Beta Cell function	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Teplizumab	Adverse events incidence	Moderate Negative	Insufficient	Unclear	1
Teplizumab	Beta Cell function	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Teplizumab	Daily insulin dose	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Teplizumab	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Tirzepatide	BMI	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Tirzepatide	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Tirzepatide	Total cholesterol	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Adverse events incidence	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Voglibose + metformin	Postprandial glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1

Intervention → Outcome

Basal insulin → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Basal insulin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Basal insulin → Systolic blood pressure

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Dapagliflozin → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Dapagliflozin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Dapagliflozin → Renal and urinary disorders incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

DPP 4 inhibitors → Diabetic retinopathy incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → All Cause mortality

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Empagliflozin → Time in range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Erythropoietin (EPO) → RT2 reaction time (1 Back task)

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Finerenone → Albuminuria

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Finerenone → Cardiovascular events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Finerenone → Composite kidney outcomes

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Finerenone → Hospitalization rate

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Finerenone → Hyperkalemia

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glibenclamide → Serious adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Gliclazide SR → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Gliclazide SR → HbA1c

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Gliclazide SR → Hypoglycemia events

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Gliclazide SR → Postprandial glucose

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Glimepiride + voglibose + metformin → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

GLP 1 receptor agonists → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

GLP 1 receptor agonists → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

GLP 1 receptor agonists → Systolic blood pressure

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin degludec → All Cause mortality

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin degludec → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin degludec → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin degludec → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → BMI

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Glycemia risk index

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Time in level 2 hyperglycemia

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Insulin Glargine Lixisenatide dosis → Treatment satisfaction

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Liraglutide → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Liraglutide → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Metformin + glimepiride → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Pioglitazone → Adipose tissue elastin content

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Pioglitazone → Adipose tissue macrophage count

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Pioglitazone → Adipose tissue mast cell count

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Pioglitazone → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Pioglitazone → Capillary density

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Pioglitazone → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Pioglitazone → Insulin sensitivity

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Pioglitazone → Triglycerides

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Basal insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → BMI

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Bolus insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Diabetic ketoacidosis

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Severe hypoglycemia

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Semaglutide → Time in range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Systemic steroid therapy → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Systemic steroid therapy → Beta Cell function

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Teplizumab → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Negative

Strength

Insufficient

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Teplizumab → Beta Cell function

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Teplizumab → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Teplizumab → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Tirzepatide → BMI

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Tirzepatide → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Tirzepatide → Total cholesterol

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Adverse events incidence

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Voglibose + metformin → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies