Devices & Technology

Diabetes devices, digital tools, monitoring hardware, and therapeutic technology. Use examples: CGM, pumps, closed-loop systems, telehealth tools, monitoring devices

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence relationships

Studies reviewed

Outcomes evaluated

Strongest evidence area

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Top Interventions

Rank	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
#1	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#2	Glucose variability	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#3	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#4	Quality of life	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
#5	Time above range	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
#6	Time below range	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
#7	Time in range	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
#8	Treatment satisfaction	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#9	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
#10	Glucose variability	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2

Rank #1

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #2

Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #3

HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #4

Quality of life

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #5

Time above range

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Rank #6

Time below range

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Rank #7

Time in range

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Rank #8

Treatment satisfaction

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #9

Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Rank #10

Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Practical Questions

What outcomes does Devices & Technology appear to affect most often?

outcome

Based on 10 evidence relationships across 11 studies

Outcomes:

Fasting Plasma GlucoseGlucose variabilityHbA1c

Interventions:

Continuous glucose monitoringHybrid closed Loop systemNeedle Free injectionRama AppTelemonitoring

Where are results mixed or inconsistent for Devices & Technology?

evidence

Based on 3 evidence relationships across 6 studies

Outcomes:

Time above rangeTime below rangeTime in range

Interventions:

Continuous glucose monitoring

Which outcomes need more research for Devices & Technology?

evidence

Based on 3 evidence relationships across 6 studies

Outcomes:

Time above rangeTime below rangeTime in range

Interventions:

Continuous glucose monitoring

How does Fasting Plasma Glucose compare with HbA1c for Devices & Technology?

compare

Very Low Evidence

Within Devices & Technology, the table evidence for Fasting Plasma Glucose and HbA1c is similar or too limited to clearly favor one. Interpret cautiously when study counts are low.

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Evidence:46.0

Effectiveness:80.0

Studies:1

Pairs:1

limited

HbA1c

Evidence:46.0

Effectiveness:80.0

Studies:1

Pairs:1

limited

No clear winner based on current evidence

Limitations

Only 1 supporting study per compared itemConsistency scores not available for all compared itemsSome compared items based on single evidence pair

Comparison based on only 1 supporting study per item.

Evidence Landscape

Evidence landscape

Each bubble represents an evidence relationship. Position shows effectiveness and strength; size reflects study volume.

Limited evidence

Promising

Reliable

High impact

Lower Evidence Strength→Higher Evidence Strength

Lower Effectiveness→Higher Effectiveness

Explore by Outcome

Outcome	Pairs	Research	Avg Strength
Time in range	3	5	43
Glucose variability	3	4	39
HbA1c	4	4	42
Time above range	2	4	43
Time below range	2	4	43
Fasting Plasma Glucose	3	3	42
Blood glucose	1	2	42
Hypoglycemia events	2	2	35
Treatment satisfaction	2	2	45
Body weight	1	1	35
Daily insulin dose	1	1	33
Diastolic blood pressure	1	1	46
Injection Associated pain	1	1	44
Injection Site adverse events	1	1	44
Postprandial glucose	1	1	44
Quality of life	1	1	35
Self Management behaviors	1	1	46
Serum 1,5 Anhydroglucitol	1	1	44
Systolic blood pressure	1	1	46
Time to target glucose control	1	1	44

Latest Research

Hybrid closed-loop insulin system safely controls blood sugar in a 29-day-old infant with neonatal diabetes

Published: May 16, 2026

int-hybrid-closed-loop-system

out-blood-glucoseout-glucose-variability

Hybrid closed-loop artificial pancreas system improves blood sugar control better than insulin injections in hospitalized type 1 diabetes

Published: May 15, 2026

int-hybrid-closed-loop-system

out-blood-glucoseout-glucose-variability

Hybrid diabetes education with CGM modestly improved HbA1c and well-being in adults

Published: May 15, 2026

int-continuous-glucose-monitoring

out-glucose-variabilityout-time-above-range

Real-time CGM significantly improves HbA1c and time in range in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

Published: May 7, 2026

int-continuous-glucose-monitoring

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

Needle-free insulin injection improves blood sugar control and reduces pain in hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients

Published: May 7, 2026

int-needle-free-injection

out-daily-insulin-doseout-fasting-plasma-glucose

Thai diabetes app shows little extra HbA1c benefit over standard education

Published: May 7, 2026

int-rama-app

out-fasting-plasma-glucoseout-hba1c

Supported telemonitoring improved HbA1c and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes

Published: May 6, 2026

int-telemonitoring

out-body-weightout-diastolic-blood-pressure

Full Evidence Table

Showing 33 of 33 evidence pairs

Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
Continuous glucose monitoring	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Continuous glucose monitoring	Glucose variability	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Continuous glucose monitoring	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Continuous glucose monitoring	Quality of life	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Continuous glucose monitoring	Time above range	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
Continuous glucose monitoring	Time below range	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
Continuous glucose monitoring	Time in range	Weak Positive	Limited	Mixed	2
Continuous glucose monitoring	Treatment satisfaction	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Hybrid closed Loop system	Blood glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Hybrid closed Loop system	Glucose variability	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Hybrid closed Loop system	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Hybrid closed Loop system	Hypoglycemia events	Moderate Positive	Weak	Unclear	1
Hybrid closed Loop system	Time above range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Hybrid closed Loop system	Time below range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Hybrid closed Loop system	Time in range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Needle Free injection	Daily insulin dose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Glucose variability	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Hypoglycemia events	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Injection Associated pain	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Injection Site adverse events	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Postprandial glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Serum 1,5 Anhydroglucitol	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Time in range	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Time to target glucose control	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Needle Free injection	Treatment satisfaction	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Rama App	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Rama App	HbA1c	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Rama App	Self Management behaviors	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Telemonitoring	Body weight	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Telemonitoring	Diastolic blood pressure	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Telemonitoring	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Telemonitoring	Systolic blood pressure	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Quality of life

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Time above range

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Time below range

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Time in range

Effectiveness

Weak Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Mixed

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Continuous glucose monitoring → Treatment satisfaction

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Blood glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Time above range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Time below range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Hybrid closed Loop system → Time in range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Daily insulin dose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Glucose variability

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Hypoglycemia events

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Injection Associated pain

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Injection Site adverse events

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Postprandial glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Serum 1,5 Anhydroglucitol

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Time in range

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Time to target glucose control

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Needle Free injection → Treatment satisfaction

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Rama App → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Rama App → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Rama App → Self Management behaviors

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Telemonitoring → Body weight

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Telemonitoring → Diastolic blood pressure

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Telemonitoring → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Telemonitoring → Systolic blood pressure

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies